Salaam--
I was looking at the Hadith and some mention that Muslims, like the Jews and Christians, will split into 72 (?) different sects, but only one group will enter Paradise. Got me thinking. Right after Prophet's pbuh death, Muslims did split into Sunnis and Shiias. Four different Madhabs. Then, we have other groups: Wahhabis, Ahmediyas, Bahai's, Druze, Sufis, people being Muslim by name and birth, but really not abiding by Islaam. It's quiet a lot of sects. Makes me wonder how more can we split? Does anyone have any others that they have heard of?
Salam
Here is a quick history and explanation of how the term 'Sunni' came to be attached to mainstream Islam:
'Sunni' is short for 'ahlus Sunnah wal Jammah', which means, the people of the Sunnah [way of the Prophet Muhamamd saw] and the majority of Scholars; this name is used to desigante correct belief, for when minorities started to break away from the main-body of Muslims in the early days of Islam and started to form their own sects [thereby going astray for sectarianism is forbidden in Islam], then it was neccassary to give the group of Muslim that remained on the Prophetic path a distinguishing name so as to designate correct belief, as just calling themselves 'Muslims' will not be enough as all the sects will call themsleves that, thus the name ahlus Sunnah wal Jammah was attached to this main-body of Muslims
This name came from the Prophet Muhamamd [saw] himself for when he was asked by his companion/s of how they would recognise the rightly guided group at times of many devient sects, the Prophet [saw] said it will be the group who follow my Sunnah and they will be the largest group of Muslims.
There are hadith to the effect of adhering to and following the largest group of Muslims, and since we are not supposed to follow the awaam [the masses of ignoramouses], thus this is considered to mean 'the largest group of Scholars' and indeed Sunni Islam has the largest group of Scholars.
The four Schools of thought, Hanafi, Shafi'i, Hanbali and maaliki, make up the ahlus Sunnah Wal Jammah; these four schools are not different sects but they are united and together they make up one group; their teachings are gathered under four different schools as they differ in a minority of opinions in jursiprudence, as is allowed, and all four schools acknowledge that these are all valid and righteous differences of opinions; all four schools agree upon the points of the Aqeeadah [essentials of faith] in which there is no differences allowed, for it is based on decicive/overwhelming evidence which leaves no room for differences, thus in Islam, it is the Aqeedah that unites the Muslims and differences in jurisprudence is allowed as long as it is reached by a mujtahid Scholar in all sincerety
Now the opinions of these schools are not innovations for they merely are opinions which were around during the time of the Prophet Muhammad [saw] and the Sahabah, or they are valid in the sense that the Quran and Sunnah allows it; all the four Imams done is brought them together comprehensively.
Sunni Islam represents the consensus (
ijma) too, for they have not deviated from the original consensus' of the first three generations, and as deviation from consensus is seperation from the Muslims as a whole [this is infact how 'sects' get established, and not by deviating from them and not consider that to be sectarianism as the devient chooses just to call himself 'Muslim' and nothing else; thus it is not in defining and distinguishing names that sectarianism is rooted, but in devient views that separates from the consensus
] and as Allah has forbidden separation, such views can only be spurious/erroneous and hence not a valid difference of opinion, thus it dont effect the consensus [and theres plenty of Quran and Sunnah evidence that there is divine protection over consenus, i.e, Allah will never make the Muslims Scholars
agree upon error
Qur'anic Evidence
(1)
Surah al-Imran (3:103):
"And hold fast, all of you together, to the rope of Allah and be not divided."
Imam Sayf ad-Din al-Amidi (d. 631/1233; Rahimahullah) said in his
al-Ihkam fi usul al-ahkam (The proficiency: on the fundamentals of legal rulings, pg. 295) with regard to the above Qur'anic verse:
"Allah has forbidden separation, and disagreement with consensus (ijma) is separation."
Hence, if Allah has forbidden separation then surely we must all unite on the unanimously accepted
aqid'ah of our pious predecessors.
For more Quran evidence see link [from 1:15]:
YouTube - Sheikh Hamza Yusuf: Creed Of Imam Al Tahawi p6
Hadith Evidence
there is much evidence that the orthodox majority of the Umma is divinely protected from error, such as the
sahih hadith related by al-Hakim that "
Allah's hand is over the group, and whoever diverges from them diverges to hell" (
al-Mustadrak, 1.116). [comment by Shaykh nuh Ha Mim keller]
Studying Hadith Texts on Our Own
(1)
Imam Abu Dawood (Rahimahullah) has quoted the well known Hadith concerning the division of the Muslim Ummah into seventy-three sects in his Sunan (3/4580, English edn):
Abu Amir al-Hawdhani said, "Mu'awiyah ibn Abi Sufyan (may Allah be pleased with him) stood among us and said, 'Beware! The Apostle of Allah (may peace be upon him) stood among us and said': 'Beware! The People of the Book before (you) were split up into 72 sects, and this community will be split up into 73, seventy-two of them will go to Hell and one of them will go to Paradise, and it is the majority group (Jama'ah).'
Another version of the above Hadith has been reported by Hafiz Ibn Kathir (Rahimahullah) in The signs before the day of Judgement (pg. 14): "Awf ibn Malik reported that the Prophet (Peace be upon him) said, 'The Jews split into 71 sects: one will enter Paradise and 70 will enter Hell. The Christians split into 72 sects: 71 will enter Hell and one will enter Paradise. By Him in Whose hand is my soul, my Ummah will split into 73 sects: one will enter Paradise and 72 will enter Hell.' Someone asked, 'O Messenger ofAllah (Peace be upon him), who will they be?' He replied, 'The main body of the Muslims (al-Jama'ah).' Awf ibn Malik is the only one who reported this Hadith, and its isnad is acceptable." And in another version of this Hadith the Prophet (Peace be upon him) goes onto say that the saved sect, "...Are those who follow my and my Sahaba's path" (Tirmidhi, vol. 2, pg. 89)
Ibn Umar (Allah be pleased with him) reported Allah's Messenger (Peace be upon him) as saying:
"Follow the great mass (as-Sawad al-Azam) for he who kept himself away from it, in fact would be thrown in Hell Fire." (Ibn Majah; vide: Mishkat, 1/174, by A.H. Siddiqui).
Imam al-Tirmidhi (4/2167) reported on the authority of Ibn Umar (Allah be pleased with him) from the Prophet (Allah bless him and give him peace), who said: "
Verily my Ummah would not agree (or he said the Ummah of Muhammad) would not agree upon error and Allah's hand is over the group and whoever dissents from them departs to Hell." (see also Mishkat, 1/173)
Imam al-Azizi (d. 1070/1660; Rahimahullah) quoted Imam al-Munawi's (d. 1031/1622; Rahimahullah) commentary to the last Hadith in his
al-Siraj al-munir sharh al-Jami al-saghir (3.449), as follows:-
Allah's hand is over the group
(
al-Azizi): Munawi says, "Meaning his protection and preservation of them, signifying that the collectivity of the people of Islam are in Allah's fold, so be also in Allah's shelter, in the midst of them, and do not separate yourselves from them." The rest of the Hadith, according to the one who first recorded it (Tirmidhi), is:-
and whoever descents from them departs to hell.
Meaning that whoever diverges from the overwhelming majority concerning what is lawful or unlawful and on which the Community does not differ has slipped off the path of guidance and this will lead him to hell." (vide:
The Reliance of the Traveller, pg. 25)
Who are the Ahl al-Sunnah?
See above link for more comprehensive explanation
And what is meant by that 72 groups will go to hell; this dont mean that they will abide in hell forever, but only a limmited period for all Muslims one day or another end up going to Paradise; nor does it mean that we can be sure on an individual level of who will go to hell or not, for it is Allah's perogative to forgive anything less then shirk as He wills; this obviously dont include groups that are outside of the folds of Islam alltogether, such as 'Quran only' groups or Ahmediyah etc.
hope that helps
Salam