Defining (a) Religion

It has been argued, here (by Thomas) and elsewhere, that Paganism does not have a history of great and highly sophisticated philosophy to back up their theology ...
Not quite. What I said was, generally speaking, paganism as it is practised today is largely the fantasia of the Romance Movement. It's philosophy owes more to the social dynamics of the early-mid 20th century upper middle classes than to any continuity of a tradition.

specifically, when contrasted to Christianity (and to Judaism and to Islam) which do have a highly sophisticated philosophy to shore up their religious beliefs. But this supposed "lack," clearly, is no longer the case. (Even if you do not claim Spinoza for Paganism.)
Actually that kind of prejudice doesn't really help advance your argument.

The historical mission of our times is to reinvent the human - at a species level, with critical reflection, within a community of life-systems, in a time-developmental context, by means of story and shared dream experience.
But this age is all about its obsession with re-invention! The whole of Western Consumer Culture works on the principle of reinventing the self one doesn't like.

It seem to me the last thing we need is more fabrication.

Kirkey takes the Buddhist practice of 'nullifying mental-forms' as a framework for seeing reality - allowing an egoless individual to see the details of the planet just as they are - and Kirkey then identifies this alternative-reality with the hyper-reality of Celtic dreamtime. Kirkey calls his particular brand of 'direct experience of reality':
Isn't this just another case of robbing a spiritual tradition to repackage some 'magic formula' for the masses?

(the term is derived from the late Irish philosopher John Moriarty).
Actually I like Moriarty, but then he's not into consumerism.

We need:
1, 2, 3, 4
Not one word of which is original, is it? Not one word of insight.

I refer to the Dalai Lama: "If you can't find what you're looking for in ... (insert religion of choice) ... then I suggest the fault is with you, not the religion."

The last thing we need is man-made religions, or more rampant spiritual consumerism.

Thomas
 
The last thing we need is man-made religions, or more rampant spiritual consumerism.

Thomas
Agreed, they have the appearance of wisdom in will worship, and humility, and neglecting of the body: not in any honour to the satisfying of the flesh, with all their man-made regulations.

A good case to scrap the Christian religion, as well as Islam.
Unless we like living in bondage that is.
If not, then pharaoh must be left behind.
 
Agreed, they have the appearance of wisdom in will worship, and humility, and neglecting of the body: not in any honour to the satisfying of the flesh, with all their man-made regulations.
In my view, the philosophical distinction between body (Gk: soma) and the flesh (Gk: sarx) is what sets them apart. Certainly it seems to me that modernism has reduced soma to sarx, the body to mere flesh, and renders it a consumable, a meat to be traded like any other.

Thomas
 
Hey Path, I found this:

We have been taught that Christ is the first-born of God, and we have declared above that He is the Word of whom every race of men were partakers; and those who live reasonably are Christians, even though they have been thought atheists; as, among the Greeks, Socrates and Heraclitus, and men like them (Justin Martyr (c100-160AD) Apologia I, 46)
So there you have it, a definition of religion as 'a reasonable life'. Justin was a philosopher before a Christian, and a Stoic, so his idea of 'reason' is according to the Stoic idea of the Logos.

But then, that does mean everyone's a Christian:eek: :D

That'll go down well!

Thomas
 
From my point of view there are two things at play here. Memory is associated with an individual experience, whilst energetic frequency can be attributed to the universal aspect of a common nature. In Christian esoterism memory can have a transcendental aspect.

That is all fascinating. Will have to mull it over. Energetic frequency, as I mean it, is not so much a common nature as a specific purpose and essence. I suppose I should break this down... it's out of my own mystical experience and so it might be a bit difficult to put into language, but I noted that you speak a lot of a song... and this is precisely what I have experienced. So I'll give it a shot.

There is our body. It disintegrates after this life and returns to the earth.

There is our soul- it has three parts (minimally) and potentially four (but perhaps not for everyone).
1. Our etheric soul or "animal" soul- the energy of life as an animal body. This also returns to the earth after this life, but it is separate from our body and can do various things our body can't do.
2. Our aura, or "talker" soul- the human soul and field of consciousness that surrounds us, takes in information of various kinds, and processes it. The part of us that communicates with others, both physically and psychically. I am not sure if this holds memory and survives or not, to be honest.
3. Our "god-soul" or divine soul- the part of us that has the potential to commune with God. This part of us survives, and its memory and cultivation of a relationship with God forms the basis for the afterlife. This is also our energetic essence, which I experience as sound. I had a vision at one point of disintegrating (I left my body entirely) and I was a sound in a great Song. I was a single, essential sound. This was the real me, and when I was this sound, I forgot all about all the things I thought were me. I was entirely consumed by the Song and my small part of it. And I felt an incredible sense of peace and love and freedom in being wholly consumed by this infinite, complex, eternally beautiful Song. This is how I see creation- God is the force and being that manifests all of these sounds (including me) and the underlying order that makes them so beautiful... if and when they are willing to be consumed by what they really are, and be wholly devoted to the Song itself.
4. Potentially, a fourth element of the soul, and perhaps not for everyone, is a broader field of consciousness that is both one being and many beings, that holds memory on its own as a sort of information storage device and to which individual beings within it can "plug in."

We would differ on the idea of 'new and improved' in the sense that the eternal nature of the soul is one, and perfect in its foundation. It is one vertically, in its union with God, and horizontally, in its union with all life.

I am not sure what you are saying about "new and improved." I think the soul either has three or four parts, or potentially, you might say the soul is only #3 above, and the other parts are something different. But in my own beliefs and practices, what I am going for is precisely what you are saying- oneness with God and oneness with all beings.

I would still argue however, that the song needs a singer. The choir is made up of numerous voices, that manifest in time and place, but the song is the same.

Well, yes. Each sound is an essence of an individual, and these beings- at least some of them like humans- can choose whether or not to sing their sound.

Quite, we say that is the soul. It arose in God, and its end is in God. The question is whether one absents oneself from the choir to pursue other interests. The soul has but one interest, and in itself is never absent from the choir, but one can be absent from one's soul, which is sensed as the absence of God.

That's a great way of putting it. I quite agree. You might be surprised that you and Feri witchcraft seem to have identical beliefs on the matter. :) Basically, the way I see it- our essence, or soul, always longs after God. However, we have the capacity to forget our soul and our connection to God and to all other beings. It is in this forgetting and distancing that we become less than whole.

To push the analogy, the song is the Word, the singer is like a note that makes up the song. But in singing one's note, as it were, one is drawn in to the eternal song. Not all the choir is singing at once, and each note, and each silence, combines to make the song, which has an order, a rhythm ... it's not just white or meaningless noise, nor is it a cacophany.

Yep, I entirely agree. This is exactly what my mystical experience entailed.

We don't see it in the sense of preservation of the self, or the person, but the participation of the many in the One. Reincarnation speaks of 'n' number of lives towards the one perfect life, but then the individual life itself, it seems to me, loses its meaning and significance, its reality. Life is realised in the living of it ... and something has to live it.

Well, not exactly. At least not for my own beliefs and those of some Pagans. In general, we don't necessarily believe that the purpose of reincarnation is to work toward the perfect life. Rather, the purpose of life is to live, and to fulfill whatever one's individual purpose might be- which is to say, to sing one's unique note in the song. For me, every life has its significance in that I have a choice to serve God and love my fellow beings or not. I am not after perfection so much as consummation. Perfection implies a goal or destination that I don't think exists, at least for me. The point of living is to offer myself to God, and to be a vessel for God's love that I can pour out toward other beings. That is all, really. The rest is details that change life to life. You might say, in a Christian sense, the point is to live in heaven where ever and whenever one is. God is always available and calling us, will we listen? We can always learn, give, grow, love- are we willing?

God is the One that alone says I am, in creating life in His image, that life is able to say "I am" also. What God is, God gives to His creature, by its participation in what God is. In our view, if the person does not exist, then the world does not exist. Eckhart would go further, if I do not exist, then God does not exist.

God is. All beings are. That about sums it up for me. Not sure if I'm saying the same thing or not. As I see it, we "live, move, and have our being" in God. From Her all has manifested, and unto Her all will return. There is nothing outside Her reach, just beings that may have temporarily forgotten they are within it.

Each soul sees the whole world, the whole cosmos, beyond time and space, the same as every other soul, but from a different perspective.

And that is what makes the song beautiful... the diversity in the unity. The many in the One.

For us the essence of humanity is one thing, the "I am" is an instance, an individuation, of the essence, but not separate from it. It subsists, but it exists at the same time ... if it didn't, then the essence would not.

I am not sure I get what you're saying. Are you saying the soul is co-dependent, or co-arising, with the self (personality, genetics, etc.)?

In theory, one person could reincarnate in each generation towards the perfect person, all the rest are disposable ... billions are disposed of along the way, to produce one end product ...

Why would you think there is an end product? There is no point, in my own belief, to reincarnation... except that some beings may have something they are to learn, or to give and teach, or simply... some beings may like being incarnated. Perhaps some beings were manifested/created to incarnate continuously- this is part of their purpose and nature. I don't think there is a single goal, an end product, or one purpose to reincarnation.

So far as I understand it in my own experience and belief, I reincarnate because that's what I'm meant to do. It's part of my little note in the song. Whether or not others do- I haven't a clue. I don't think everyone sings the same note. So maybe a lot of folks live one life and go to heaven. I don't know. I can only speak for what seems to be my own experience and a belief that fits with it. And I can only say that while the idea of heaven was lovely, God asked me to give it up and to accept whatever God's will is for me, however long it is that I am called to incarnate. So I pretty much did, and am content with being in relationship with God and learning to serve other beings, and whatever comes after I die, I will try to meet with the same willingness to go where God puts me.

That's the way I see it, anyway ... in the Greek tradition, theosis is not the unification of the person with God, but all humanity ... if humanity is one thing, in many instances, then the many instances have to be included, because the idea of 'person' is not individual, every individual human being participate in person-ness, so the theosis of the person requires the theosis of all human beings to be a complete and perfect state.

If I understand you correctly, no one has ever achieved theosis, because humanity has never been in a state of theosis as a whole. I disagree, but then, I am not only concerned with humanity. I have a more ecological view and am really concerned with all beings- on earth and beyond. I think there are countless beings out there, and if unity with God is dependent on all of them reaching theosis, it seems that we have a difficult situation- because without unity with God in some beings, the drive to change their overall consciousness (what Jung would refer to as the collective unconscious) is absent. The change has to come from somewhere.

I would say that is the particular in relation to the universal ... but I'm getting into deep waters here ... we say "Where Christ is, there the Church is", I am in the Church, but I am in Christ, so I am the Church — I am not the whole Church in the I am of me, because the Church is a unity, not an individuality ... we're into the Mystical Body now ...

Is this somewhat like the collective consciousness of those awakened to God? I'm trying to relate in more general terms. I get what you're saying in Christianity, but trying to see how this would translate to religions where there is no "church" but there is a sense of a group of people doing the Great Work of transformation of self and humanity.

Without me, God is only what He imagines Himself to be. With me, God can know Himself as He is. I am 'real' because what is in the mind of God is real; God is real, and perfect in His self-knowing, because He suffers no illusion, which is an imperfection.

I can understand (I think) what you're getting at. I'd say it this way- let me know if you think it is similar: without manifestation (including me), God Herself existed as only a singularity, as latent power and potential. God Herself began to know and love Herself (and all in Her) when she began to manifest beings. I am real because what is held in Her embrace is real; She is real, and perfect in Her self-knowing, because She has no limitations and suffers no illusions about Herself or any of manifest reality.

In one way, to deny the reality of me is to suggest that God cannot realise what He knows, cannot realise what He is. The contra argument is that He has no need to, which we also assert. He has no need to, but He chooses to.

I don't deny the reality of myself. Rather, I see myself as not knowing myself fully, and so the "me" I think I know isn't the "me" I really am. The "me" I really am is an essential core, a sound of my soul, that at first is so foreign that the ordinary "self" (my personality and whatnot) is fearful to become it. It is in dying to this "self" that I am able to live in the state I really am- the real me.

And I agree- God Herself had no need to manifest reality, but She did. Whether that is a "choice" or simply part of Her nature is to me, an unknowable and immaterial question. But there was no need- manifesting reality was out of love within Herself. You might say, God loved Herself, so manifest reality came into existence.

And shaped by lived experience, if if they cannot put it into words. Many dispute the mystics on the basis that their experience is shaped by their carnal experience. They have to put that experience into words, into forms, and then they can only use the forms they know, experientially ... God is beyond forms, and beyond words, so they can either remain silent, or try to put it into words. As soon as they deploy words, you're into linguistics ...

It really is difficult, isn't it? Especially in this sort of writing. Mostly, I write poetry and create art to express mystical experience. In trying to write about it this way (and in the book I'm currently working on), it's incredibly difficult, and often loses its meaning. I really think mysticism is something that can be shared between mystics- but the more poetic and the less dependent the sharing is on words... the better.

In a sense one goes one's own way and settles for less out of a sense of frustration with one's neighbour.

If you find a solution, btw, let us know, we've been trying for years ...

Oh, on this note, I don't think anyone is much closer. Basic glitch in human nature- whether one calls it original sin or problems with human evolution- the result is the same. There are certain attributes of humans that disrupt the soul's work and must be dealt with somehow.

The struggle for me is that I want a community that really practices what it preaches, and I want it to be primarily focused on serving other beings. And this is very, very hard to find. It just isn't what most groups are primarily cut out to do, it seems.

By the way... the more I have learned of Catholicism, particularly as it is practiced and the diversity inherent in it, the more I have been able to see it as a universal sort of religion. There is quite a bit about that doesn't fit with my beliefs, practices, or needs, but I appreciate it a lot. There's a depth of history there, and while it has had lots of problems and injustices and causes of suffering to humanity, it also has a lot of beauty and wisdom. Two of my co-workers are Catholic and we've had some interesting conversations. I suppose what I am appreciating is the open-mindedness, the tolerance, and the thoughtfulness behind beliefs. Makes life interesting and happy. :)
 
I refer to the Dalai Lama: "If you can't find what you're looking for in ... (insert religion of choice) ... then I suggest the fault is with you, not the religion."

The last thing we need is man-made religions, or more rampant spiritual consumerism.

Thomas

Well, from a social scientist perspective, all religions are man-made. From my own belief, most religions are grounded in humans' attempt to express their experience of God, their ethics, and so forth.

And to also paraphrase the Dalai Lama from In God's Name: "We need different religions because they help different kinds of people. It's like food. Not everyone likes spicy food. Only some people do. There are lots of kinds of food because there are lots of kinds of people. It's the same with religion."

Not everyone "fits" with the religion they are born into. I really don't think the Dalai Lama was saying any religion is fine and any person fits in any religion. I think it was more saying that one's dissatisfactions and challenges will be present where ever one is (with or without religion, in fact!) and so one might as well pick a tradition and stick with it. Though obviously from his other thoughts, he must think a person may need time to find the right flavor.
 
There is our body. It disintegrates after this life and returns to the earth ... There is our soul
Again, this is not a my way/thy way, but correspondences ...

To us, the body is the means by which the soul 'materialises' itself, so we don't accept the old dualism of the body and soul being two separate things, or the gnostic idea of the body as a prison or container for the soul. Rather, the body is the projection of the soul according to the medium in which it finds itself.

Having said that, the relationship between the two has become inverted ... in theory (or rather in speculation) the soul can and should be able to manifest any physical form it likes (and in the less glutinous worlds, can do so) ... I'm not saying shape-changing, necessarily, but rather that the soul can present to another soul the image of itself which is more 'real' than the material and surface image.

A soul in possession of its own soul faculties can determine what a lesser soul sees, or does not see ... this is not 'power of the mind' or some order of psychic persuasion, it's to do with self-projection ... disclosure ... revelation ... This all ties in to the post-Resurrection sightings of Jesus ... the clues are all there in Scripture.

The other idea is that we never had physical bodies. Essential human nature is one, although unitive, but did not have gender, rather reproduction would have been in the order of ideas, rather than physical generation ... a new idea would be a new life, a new soul ... harking back, rather like two notes causing a third note? Or a harmonic? Not sure if the analogy works...

Physical generation and garments of skin became necessary when man surrendered his unitive being to enjoy his own singularity ... and suddenly found her/himself naked and alone, surrounded by strangers ... s/he didn't even recogise her/himself ... still doesn't. without a 'surface' to preserve her/him, she/he would have vanished entirely ...

it has three parts (minimally) and potentially four (but perhaps not for everyone).
We see the soul the same way — mineral, flora, fauna, human, spiritual — and so encapsulating the whole world in itself, as it were. There's also accounts of movements in the soul ... straight, circular, spiral ...

Beautiful account of your experience, by the way ...

Rather, the purpose of life is to live, and to fulfill whatever one's individual purpose might be- which is to say, to sing one's unique note in the song.
I think we agree in the broad stroke, but maybe differ in the detail.

Our view is that God creates, and when the soul is brought into being, the end is already there (God is eternal), so the idea of perfection is to be that which we were created to be.

The point of living is to offer myself to God, and to be a vessel for God's love that I can pour out toward other beings. That is all, really.
That's perfection! "Be ye perfect, even as your Father in heaven is perfect" Who is this perfect being ... what is this perfect being? God. What is God? God is love.

We believe that love is God living, and singing, in the soul ... when not in love, it's just that we don't hear the song, haven't focussed our attention ... we were made for love, made to love ... love is all there is (etc., etc.)

But self-love, which began in Adam and continues today, is not true love. The seven deadly sins are, I think, aspects of self-love. That's what renders them deadly, they cut off the person from love.

I am not sure I get what you're saying. Are you saying the soul is co-dependent, or co-arising, with the self (personality, genetics, etc.)?
I'm saying the soul is the core, I suppose ... the 'self' is the (limited) conscious awareness of the itself of the soul ... know thyself is know thy soul, when you know your soul, all barriers disappear.

If I understand you correctly, no one has ever achieved theosis...
Theosis in that sense is not an individual state, it's a cosmic state ... but 'provisional theosis' or individual degrees of realisation, yes ... Some 'sleep in Christ' and others are 'awake in Christ' ...

I get what you're saying in Christianity, but trying to see how this would translate to religions where there is no "church" but there is a sense of a group of people doing the Great Work of transformation of self and humanity.
The Church is a presence ... I'm really not wanting to go on with that, at this moment in time ...

I can understand (I think) what you're getting at. I'd say it this way - let me know if you think it is similar ...
I think in principle very similar, so the below is not difference, so much as perspective ...

God Herself existed as only a singularity, as latent power and potential.
We would say there is no latency or potentiality in God, as they are conditional modes of being. God is, eternally, absolutely, infinitely, unchangingly ...

God Herself began to know ...
Again, we're struggling on the limits of language, as God has no beginning, but I see your point, and this sets up an apparent duality: God and God's self-knowing — which we call Father and Son — the Father begets the Son eternally, knows Himself in the Son, but because God is perfect, the Son is likewise perfect and everything that God is ...

and love Herself ...
Again, but this we call Holy Spirit ...

(and all in Her) when she began to manifest beings.
The point for us is the principle of manifestation must be in the Divine Nature first ... God will not manifest if it is not in the Divine Nature to do so.

I am real because what is held in Her embrace is real; She is real, and perfect in Her self-knowing, because She has no limitations and suffers no illusions about Herself or any of manifest reality.
Equally, we would say (some of us) all manifest reality is unreal because it susbists according to the Will of God, God is the only 'thing' that exists of Itself.

We exist by participation in the real.

I don't deny the reality of myself. Rather, I see myself as not knowing myself fully, and so the "me" I think I know isn't the "me" I really am.
That is the human condition, currently.

The "me" I really am is an essential core, a sound of my soul, that at first is so foreign that the ordinary "self" (my personality and whatnot) is fearful to become it.
Again, and increaingly so, some would declare. I said above that man was more 'plastic' or more immaterial in its foundation ... many agree that this process of thickening is continuing. Far from the modern assuption of 'progress', the movement is cyclic, not linear, and we are still moving towards the low point of the cycyle.

My dear old pagan father in law was railing against mobile phones just recently. He used the analogy of the white man turning up in foreign lands and buying off the natives with beads and trinkets ... now, he declares, we dazzle ourselves with our own trinket-technologies, and think we're so very clever, so much better off, so advanced ... so evolved ... Lord, it took ages to calm him down!

It is in dying to this "self" that I am able to live in the state I really am- the real me.
The inner man and the outer man, as it were.

Whether that is a "choice" or simply part of Her nature is to me, an unknowable and immaterial question. But there was no need- manifesting reality was out of love within Herself. You might say, God loved Herself, so manifest reality came into existence.
Absolutely ... we only argue that point in the face of those who argue that God 'must' do this or that ...

One might say God saw Herself and thought, 'this is too good to keep to Myself', so created other things to share in that.

It really is difficult, isn't it?
And some.

Pax et bonum!

Thomas
 
Again, this is not a my way/thy way, but correspondences ...

To us, the body is the means by which the soul 'materialises' itself, so we don't accept the old dualism of the body and soul being two separate things, or the gnostic idea of the body as a prison or container for the soul. Rather, the body is the projection of the soul according to the medium in which it finds itself.

Having said that, the relationship between the two has become inverted ... in theory (or rather in speculation) the soul can and should be able to manifest any physical form it likes (and in the less glutinous worlds, can do so) ... I'm not saying shape-changing, necessarily, but rather that the soul can present to another soul the image of itself which is more 'real' than the material and surface image.

A soul in possession of its own soul faculties can determine what a lesser soul sees, or does not see ... this is not 'power of the mind' or some order of psychic persuasion, it's to do with self-projection ... disclosure ... revelation ... This all ties in to the post-Resurrection sightings of Jesus ... the clues are all there in Scripture.

I have some serious reservations about the existence of the soul. Can you offer what you believe is a convincing argument for its existence ?

I believe that a strong argument can be made that the soul is purely fictitious.
 
Hello Radical Reformer —

I have some serious reservations about the existence of the soul. Can you offer what you believe is a convincing argument for its existence?
Well you would have first to accept the data of the Bible.

Then build a reasoned and logical argument from that, as Aquinas does, for example, in the First Part of the Summa:
To seek the nature of the soul, we must premise that the soul is defined as the first principle of life of those things which live: for we call living things "animate," [i.e. having a soul], and those things which have no life, "inanimate."(ST I, q75, a1)

If you do not accept the data of Scripture, then its a moot point.

I believe that a strong argument can be made that the soul is purely fictitious.
Undoubtedly ... Buddhism for one mounts a compelling argument within the context of its own doctrine.

So really it's a matter of what doctrine one embraces.

Thomas
 
I just returned from the Pagan Studies Conference in southern CA. It was pretty interesting.

One thing that came up over and over again was the question of how we can define Paganism? How do you define the boundaries of a religion? Why do you do it? If scholars can't even determine a commonly-agreed on definition of "religion" in general, how can we define "a" religion?

My interested was piqued not only as an academic who is interested in community and identity, but also as a person who has struggled with this issue for years... Am I Pagan because my doctrine/theology and practice are aligned with Paganism? Or am I Pagan because I "belong" to a Pagan group? Or because I just say so?

I have a personal relationship with Christ... does that make me also Christian? Or do I have to agree to the doctrines of Christianity? Or is it only if I join a church?

Who decides and how? Is it orthodoxy, orthopraxy, ethics and piety?

I know Christians who are self-identified as such, who belong to churches (some are clergy!), but whose beliefs are closely aligned with my own... yet my own beliefs are closely aligned with certain strains of Paganism. So what does that mean?

My own take-home thought based on my feelings during all this debate was that I am a Pagan that has a relationship with Christ, not a Christian who has a relationship with Nature. That was an interesting realization... but at its heart the fundamental challenges of definition remain.

Your thoughts?

ETA: I should clarify that though I am referring to Paganism and Christianity due to my own reflections and experience, my overall inquiry is about defining a religion in general... so I'm interested in anyone's religion and ideas about definition.



I am a firm believer in the idea that all religions, and philosophies too, are based on universal truths. This is why the scriptures of so many different religions agree with each other. So the defining of each religion is either to give the person making the definition a sense of spiritual identity or to create a barrier between themselves and another group of people. The latter invariably causes conflict, the former is ok as long as one doesn't begin to think of oneself as better than others because of thinking that our definition/religion is the only correct one. These definitions/boundaries are man made anyway, so I would not worry about trying to define a religion, or 'your' religion. Defining a religion for yourself is not necessary, just believe in what you believe and be open to all other points of view.

TU:D
 
Interesting comments, one and all. Initially, my thought process on day one of the conference was "Why do we care about definitions? What's the point?"

Which is what I asked someone who had been in the community a long time during a break. The general explanation is that even though it is recognized as a difficult and problematic thing to define Paganism, we need to do it so we can be counted in census and other survey data and gain rights. We need to be able to explain what we do to other people and have folks realize the media version of Paganism is largely as skewed as the media version of anything else.

As a social scientist, I could appreciate that.

But as someone who has walked in the Christian community my whole life, I have also seen how defining a religious identity can lead to division, strife, and general malaise as people decide who is "really" one of them. Definitions take something that is fluid- spirituality- and make it something that is more categorical and concrete.

I could see both sides of the coin.

Personally, I can understand Nick's grounds for definition, and I appreciate its simplicity. But it doesn't really work, at least from the standpoint of a social scientist. This is because part of what defines a religion is how it defines itself, and that varies. For example, over the years I found that even though I have a relationship with Christ and sometimes go to church and take communion, because my ideas about Christ, God, and so on are substantially different from the doctrinal mainstream, I am usually considered not Christian by others. And while Druids have many beliefs and even some practices that are held in common by indigenous animist traditions from all over, no one would say Druidry is the same religion as, say, Shoshone traditions. Practice together, even regular practice, is only meaningful as a defining factor if pracitioners make it so.

This led me to a whole contemplation about identity in general and the issue of counting/census (as this is a census year, which is exciting for geeks like me who want new stats). That is the issue of self-identifying versus being held to a standard. Anyone can say they are any religion. That has little to do with their actual life, practice, belief, etc. Many older Pagans projected that Wicca will no longer be growing at the super-stellar rate it was on the 2000 census because it sort of became a fad for a while and as it has become more acceptable, this faddishness died off somewhat. Sort of like the wave of Kabbalah Center people, or the wave of using sweat lodges, etc. Religion in the States is business, and there are fashionable religions just as there are fashionable shoes and vehicles.

All that seems to lead to definitions being relatively worthless. Except that the struggle for tolerance and equal rights is dependent on having a voice as a community, as a single individual is rarely heard.

hi Path, as an anthropologist, where you hear from adherents of a religion that its 'a way of life', you can apppreciate why some would prefer the term 'worldview' rather that 'religion'.
valk_2009.pdf religion or worldview
 
hi Path, as an anthropologist, where you hear from adherents of a religion that its 'a way of life', you can apppreciate why some would prefer the term 'worldview' rather that 'religion'.
valk_2009.pdf religion or worldview

Absolutely. Of course, a worldview need not include religion, though religions usually include distinctive worldviews.

Certainly, it is difficult in a way to fully classify some traditions of Druidry, for example, as religion. Lacking a common theology, doctrine, and so forth, yet sharing similar ways of viewing the self and cosmos, common ethical concerns and virtues, etc. renders it more like a worldview... yet they do all these ritual and symbolic things and are generally animist, so it's sort of like a religion.
 
Hi Path —

I recall reading somewhere that Rome, which was generally pragmatic about non-Roman religion, as long as you made all the right noises re the Roman cults, but they persecuted the Druids with some vigour?

Again, if memory serves, 'Celtic' is something of a generic term, cos it covered all of Europe, and thus a number of different tribes and peoples, but the Druids could move between them with relative ease, and religious respect ... it the Romans reckoned it was the Druids inciting revolt and ferment, spreading news, carrying messages, etc.

I'm assuming there would have been local gods and regional deities ... and that the Druids in a way transcended those ... or spoke a general language?

My BA (Divinity) course finishes this July. I wonder what my tutors will think if I tell 'em I'm starting a BA (Druidry) course next! :eek: :mad: :D

Thomas
 
Thomas:
But this age is all about its obsession with re-invention! ... The last thing we need is man-made religions, or more rampant spiritual consumerism.

Thomas, we live in a consumer world.
(So did the Jews in Jesus' time, by and large. And there was "rampant spiritual consumerism" then, too. As you well know.)
Live with it.

(Spiritual sources aside ... Thomas, I feel sorry for you if you ACTUALLY believe that Christianity - or Paganism - is NOT a "man-made religion"!)

& & &

Today "Roman Catholicism" is just another brand-name, one which you personally have brand-loyalty to. But it is just one of many brands, out there, for those looking to 'buy into' (or invest with) some religious faith.

The Pagan-revival, if it is going to have any economic (or political) clout ... is going to have to put its brand-name and logo and "product line" (tenets of belief, ritual practices) out there, too.
(Religion has always been big business and big politics ... as soon as it stops being a fringe 'cult.' From your knowledge of history, you know this dam' well.)

The shallow and the deep have always gone hand-in-hand.

William James:
The world we see that seems so insane is the result of a belief system that is not working. To perceive the world differently, we must be willing to change our belief system, let the past slip away, expand our sense of now, and dissolve the fear in our minds.

Seems to me that this is what Eco-Paganism and other new 'cults' are trying to do.

But frankly, I prefer William James to Eco-Paganism.

I see no Ecological insight within mainstream Christian Theology, till very recent times. Christian Theology is so rooted in, and bolstered by, classical Metaphysics - that it privileges Mind as seated somehow above and separate from the material facts of the world.

William James:
The 'I think' which Kant said must be able to accompany all my objects, is the 'I breathe' which actually does accompany them.
and
Knowledge about life is one thing; effective occupation of a place in life, with its dynamic currents passing through your being, is another.

For all the wonderful theological shadings which your lovely colloquy with Path has revealed (to us all), if Christianity is to prevail as a viable religion in the future, it will first have to toss classical Metaphysics to the wind and begin its Theology virtually anew, upon firmer - more modern - foundations.

Or one must jump ship, from Christianity entirely, as Path has done. And build one's faith, from one's feelings, up.

& & &

Thomas, I don't much like Eco-Paganism. But you stated puff-ball prejudices against this religious cult, not arguments. It needs to be taken seriously, in a planet which may be on the verge of ecologically destroying itself.
(The Pope's soft-Environmentalism ain't going to do the job.)
But I will not defend Eco-Paganism and its thinkers. In my view, they carry the wrong answer (which I may lay out, at some point).

If you want to attack a serious-minded modern 'spiritual' figure whom I will defend ... attack Henry David Thoreau.

And then you will see my teeth.
 
But I will not defend Eco-Paganism and its thinkers. In my view, they carry the wrong answer (which I may lay out, at some point).

If you want to attack a serious-minded modern 'spiritual' figure whom I will defend ... attack Henry David Thoreau.

And then you will see my teeth.

What is Eco-Paganism? How is it different from deep ecology or just plain 'ole Paganism? Curious...
 
I have some serious reservations about the existence of the soul. Can you offer what you believe is a convincing argument for its existence ?

No. My argument is all based in my own experience, and what to me is the most logical reasoning about this experience.

Your mileage would vary considerably.

I believe that a strong argument can be made that the soul is purely fictitious.

Of course. But a strong argument and truth are not synonymous. A color-blind person could make a strong argument that red and green are not separate colors. And it would be correct, in its own way- for that person. But then, for a person who is not color-blind, they could argue just as strongly that red and green are in fact distinct.

Perhaps those that do not experience or believe in a soul do simply end after this life. Who knows?
 
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