the traditional view is that the original jews were descended from the family of abraham, a native of ur in mesopotamia (before babylonia technically existed as a nation) who left where he grew up and went with his wife and household to live in what was then canaan. as the descendants and extended family of abraham grew over the next few generations, the numbers grew to hundreds and this was the point at which the sons of jacob went down to egypt. after a few generations in egypt the numbers were in the thousands (the traditional number is 600,000) and it was this many people, along with a "mixed multitude" that left egypt and arrived in the "promised land" of canaan, to be known henceforth as the "land of israel" after the people, the "children of israel", forty years later. there they mixed with canaanites and all sorts until the destruction of the first Temple in 586 BCE, at which time the population was deported to babylon and stayed there for seventy years until we were allowed to return to israel, where the Temple was rebuilt by herod the great. much of the jewish community remained in babylonia at the time and this became the most influential and largest jewish community after the destruction of the Temple by the romans in the 1st century CE. this community produced the "babylonian talmud" and remained hugely influential until the 10th century, lasting more or less to the present day, although most of the iraqi community were simply ethnically cleansed by the nazi-sympathising iraqi regime in the late 40s and early 50s after the establishment of the state of israel. most of it is in israel, quite a lot of it is in london (including myself) of course, there is a lot more to jewish history than this, but that is a brief timeline of our relationship with the land currently known as iraq!
if you want an exhaustive account of the history of the jews up till the destruction of the second Temple, i recommend flavius josephus' "jewish antiquities", which covers everything from the Creation to his own time, the C1st. it is particularly interesting on the (mostly unhappy) relationship between jewish and greek culture, which i know postmaster will find fascinating.
b'shalom
bananabrain