Hi Darren —
I agree that some denominations seem to hold and became fixed in a rather medieval and fatalistic view about the Christian message, as if all Christ brought was in fact "Bad news"!
The pre-Reformation churches, for the most part, continue in a more optimistic light to explore and 'unpack' the positive and life-affirming view. I'll note some of the differences with regard to Catholic doctrine.
The Greek idea of hades continues to inform much thinking, as all three terms are translated as hell in the English language, and thus the error of assuming the definitions of the three terms are synonymous.
The term 'sheol' refers to the abode of the dead, indeed it can simply mean 'grave'. As I understand it, Hebrew scriptures do not contain much explicit eschatalogical speculation. The dead might be considered asleep, their lives suspended, until the end of the world. There is little indication of any order of consciousness, or continuance of being in the existential sense. The Psalms contain a few, and in the later Wisdom Literature there begin to emerge signs of speculation on the afterlife.
Christ, on the other hand, spoke directly on the matter, and more than once. Jesus spoke more of the afterlife, and immediately divided it into two camps, those who accept the message of salvation, and those who do not. The most frequent references occur in Matthew, which was written for a primarily Jewish-convert audience to show the continuity of Scripture in His own message:
Matthew 5:22
"But I say to you that every one who is angry with his brother shall be liable to judgment; whoever insults his brother shall be liable to the council, and whoever says, 'You fool!' shall be liable to the hell of fire (lit. fires of gehenna).
5:29-30
"If your right eye causes you to sin, pluck it out and throw it away; it is better that you lose one of your members than that your whole body be thrown into hell. And if your right hand causes you to sin, cut it off and throw it away; it is better that you lose one of your members than that your whole body go into hell."
Mat 10:28
"And do not fear those who kill the body but cannot kill the soul; rather fear him who can destroy both soul and body in hell.'
All the above are taken from the Sermon on the Mount, and offer a contrary but perhaps more immediately graspable picture to the more challenging Beatitude of the Blessed. Jesus uses this startling imagery to actualise in the minds of his audience the immediacy and reality of the offer of Salvation. Note He uses the Decalogue, the heart of the Law, as His 'benchmark', and demands more than the Law itself requires when He says "But I say unto you... "
Gehenna is, in a very real way, more terrifying than Hades. The latter is still a world (the netherworld), a stage on which man can act, to seek the light, his salvation. Gehenna, on the other hand, is the place of the abandoned, of that which has no more a place in any world.
Geographically, Gehenna was a ravine outside Jerusalem, unclean ground, being the site of cultic human sacrifice to a false god, and in Jesus' time the worst kind of rubbish tip.
The idea of the 'living soul' being consigned to such a place until the end of time was hardly eddifying.
The first is that this world is bound in time, so we cannot transpose our common notion of 'forever and ever' into the Eternal. There is no time in eternity — there is no 'forever and ever'. Eternity is neither a millenia nor a moment ... it is perfect Rest ('movement' requires space and time — a passage from a to b, and the experience of the difference between them).
The second is the assumption of how many will suffer. Scripture says that any man who seeks the good with an honest heart will be saved, and God is All-Merciful ... not unless we can fathom the depths of God can we say how many will be saved. Certainly some, perhaps all.
The third is the idea of 'torture'. It is axiomatic that God does not will suffering needlessly, nor for His own good or gratification. If the dead can no longer change, there is no value or benefit to be derived from suffering ... so it is not the will of God.
The Christian believed, however, that the soul is 'fixed' in death as the summation of its earthly life. If open towards the Eternal, then it is still open to God in death and can, after a purgation of imperfection, be restored in its original condition it is perfected and saved.
This intermediate state is called Purgatory, precisely because it involves a purgation of imperfection. It is not yet in God, because all that is in God is perfect, yet it is not of this or any other world.
It is not in time, as we know it, nor outside of time, in Eternity (which is the perfect rest of the blessed). The schoolmen called it the aevum. It is like time but no space, duration but no movement. Being but no change.
We can say the aevum lasts longer than the world, and we can also say the experience of the aevum lasts less than an instant. St Paul talks of us being changed 'in a twinkling' — so that might well be our experience of the aevum.
Traditional thinking treats the Judgement as a face-to-face meeting with Christ. In that moment we are revealed to ourselves, by Him, as we really are, a facing up to the inescapable truth of oneself, this necessarily involves a realisation of the wrong we have done, and an 'owning up' to sin, and a repentance. The 'heat' of this process might be likened to acute embarrasment rather than any pain suffered by some cauterising flame.
After the embarrasment ... eternal peace.
If directed in life towards selfishly seeking its own good however, then the soul continues to look to itself in death — in the interview the soul sees itself and turns its face from the Word of Salvation reaching out from God. It refuses to admit, or repent. God is denied.
Whether we are open or closed in the next life is determined by the decisions we make in this one. In purgatory the soul is restored, it is not changed, but the dross is stripped away ... unless it denies restoration, in which case it continues in its wounded state.
For the selfish soul there is no peace in this life, we pursue the chimeras that offer us immediate gratification, always temporary and ephemeral, always leaving us unsatiated in our desires and hungry for more.
In death too, in the aevum, for such souls there is no peace, no rest, because there is none to be found in what the soul seeks ... just an eternity, fixed and seemingly forever, of seeking, of a hunger that can never be appeased.
+++
It is the Father's will that none be lost. The sacrifice of His only Son, for us, is a sign of the depths of His compassion and love. The Holy Spirit works tirelessly, in the face of our own resistance, to bring us to that good end.
A prophet said:
"Ah, good Lord, how could all things be well, because of the great
harm which has come through sin to your creatures?"
This was God's response to her:
"And so our good Lord answered
all the questions and doubts which I could raise,
saying most comfortingly:
'I make all things well,
and I can make all things well,
and I shall make all things well,
and I will make all things well;
and you will see for yourself
that every kind of thing will be well.'
... And in these words God wishes us
to be enclosed in rest and peace."
Julian of Norwich.
Not one soul will be lost, that has not chosen to be lost.
Thomas
I agree that some denominations seem to hold and became fixed in a rather medieval and fatalistic view about the Christian message, as if all Christ brought was in fact "Bad news"!
The pre-Reformation churches, for the most part, continue in a more optimistic light to explore and 'unpack' the positive and life-affirming view. I'll note some of the differences with regard to Catholic doctrine.
That's because of most good translations keep the original term sheol, whilst in the New Testament Jesus used a different descriptive term, gehenna.Has anybody notice that in the O.T. of the Bible there is hardly a mention if any of the word hell
The Greek idea of hades continues to inform much thinking, as all three terms are translated as hell in the English language, and thus the error of assuming the definitions of the three terms are synonymous.
The term 'sheol' refers to the abode of the dead, indeed it can simply mean 'grave'. As I understand it, Hebrew scriptures do not contain much explicit eschatalogical speculation. The dead might be considered asleep, their lives suspended, until the end of the world. There is little indication of any order of consciousness, or continuance of being in the existential sense. The Psalms contain a few, and in the later Wisdom Literature there begin to emerge signs of speculation on the afterlife.
Christ, on the other hand, spoke directly on the matter, and more than once. Jesus spoke more of the afterlife, and immediately divided it into two camps, those who accept the message of salvation, and those who do not. The most frequent references occur in Matthew, which was written for a primarily Jewish-convert audience to show the continuity of Scripture in His own message:
Matthew 5:22
"But I say to you that every one who is angry with his brother shall be liable to judgment; whoever insults his brother shall be liable to the council, and whoever says, 'You fool!' shall be liable to the hell of fire (lit. fires of gehenna).
5:29-30
"If your right eye causes you to sin, pluck it out and throw it away; it is better that you lose one of your members than that your whole body be thrown into hell. And if your right hand causes you to sin, cut it off and throw it away; it is better that you lose one of your members than that your whole body go into hell."
Mat 10:28
"And do not fear those who kill the body but cannot kill the soul; rather fear him who can destroy both soul and body in hell.'
All the above are taken from the Sermon on the Mount, and offer a contrary but perhaps more immediately graspable picture to the more challenging Beatitude of the Blessed. Jesus uses this startling imagery to actualise in the minds of his audience the immediacy and reality of the offer of Salvation. Note He uses the Decalogue, the heart of the Law, as His 'benchmark', and demands more than the Law itself requires when He says "But I say unto you... "
Gehenna is, in a very real way, more terrifying than Hades. The latter is still a world (the netherworld), a stage on which man can act, to seek the light, his salvation. Gehenna, on the other hand, is the place of the abandoned, of that which has no more a place in any world.
Geographically, Gehenna was a ravine outside Jerusalem, unclean ground, being the site of cultic human sacrifice to a false god, and in Jesus' time the worst kind of rubbish tip.
The idea of the 'living soul' being consigned to such a place until the end of time was hardly eddifying.
Well three points:being a place where God will condemn billions of His creation to be torture with fire for all eternity, forever and ever??
The first is that this world is bound in time, so we cannot transpose our common notion of 'forever and ever' into the Eternal. There is no time in eternity — there is no 'forever and ever'. Eternity is neither a millenia nor a moment ... it is perfect Rest ('movement' requires space and time — a passage from a to b, and the experience of the difference between them).
The second is the assumption of how many will suffer. Scripture says that any man who seeks the good with an honest heart will be saved, and God is All-Merciful ... not unless we can fathom the depths of God can we say how many will be saved. Certainly some, perhaps all.
The third is the idea of 'torture'. It is axiomatic that God does not will suffering needlessly, nor for His own good or gratification. If the dead can no longer change, there is no value or benefit to be derived from suffering ... so it is not the will of God.
The Christian believed, however, that the soul is 'fixed' in death as the summation of its earthly life. If open towards the Eternal, then it is still open to God in death and can, after a purgation of imperfection, be restored in its original condition it is perfected and saved.
This intermediate state is called Purgatory, precisely because it involves a purgation of imperfection. It is not yet in God, because all that is in God is perfect, yet it is not of this or any other world.
It is not in time, as we know it, nor outside of time, in Eternity (which is the perfect rest of the blessed). The schoolmen called it the aevum. It is like time but no space, duration but no movement. Being but no change.
We can say the aevum lasts longer than the world, and we can also say the experience of the aevum lasts less than an instant. St Paul talks of us being changed 'in a twinkling' — so that might well be our experience of the aevum.
Traditional thinking treats the Judgement as a face-to-face meeting with Christ. In that moment we are revealed to ourselves, by Him, as we really are, a facing up to the inescapable truth of oneself, this necessarily involves a realisation of the wrong we have done, and an 'owning up' to sin, and a repentance. The 'heat' of this process might be likened to acute embarrasment rather than any pain suffered by some cauterising flame.
After the embarrasment ... eternal peace.
If directed in life towards selfishly seeking its own good however, then the soul continues to look to itself in death — in the interview the soul sees itself and turns its face from the Word of Salvation reaching out from God. It refuses to admit, or repent. God is denied.
Whether we are open or closed in the next life is determined by the decisions we make in this one. In purgatory the soul is restored, it is not changed, but the dross is stripped away ... unless it denies restoration, in which case it continues in its wounded state.
For the selfish soul there is no peace in this life, we pursue the chimeras that offer us immediate gratification, always temporary and ephemeral, always leaving us unsatiated in our desires and hungry for more.
In death too, in the aevum, for such souls there is no peace, no rest, because there is none to be found in what the soul seeks ... just an eternity, fixed and seemingly forever, of seeking, of a hunger that can never be appeased.
+++
It is the Father's will that none be lost. The sacrifice of His only Son, for us, is a sign of the depths of His compassion and love. The Holy Spirit works tirelessly, in the face of our own resistance, to bring us to that good end.
A prophet said:
"Ah, good Lord, how could all things be well, because of the great
harm which has come through sin to your creatures?"
This was God's response to her:
"And so our good Lord answered
all the questions and doubts which I could raise,
saying most comfortingly:
'I make all things well,
and I can make all things well,
and I shall make all things well,
and I will make all things well;
and you will see for yourself
that every kind of thing will be well.'
... And in these words God wishes us
to be enclosed in rest and peace."
Julian of Norwich.
Not one soul will be lost, that has not chosen to be lost.
Thomas