Hi juantoo —
The Battle Royale between Mary Queen of Scots and Bloody Mary cost many lives, some of which are highlighted in that book, and that would have occured in the mid-1500's. During the 1600's the focus of the Anglican church shifted...and it was Puritans who were put to the torch.
There's a very complex set of currents playing into history here ...
Henry VIII was pro-Rome (he was awarded the title 'Defender of the Faith' by the pope for his criticism of the Reform movement), but he wanted a divorce. So a split was inevitable. Rome never understood this distant and minor king. What was all the fuss about? Why didn't he just put her away, and take a mistress, as the European kings did? They'd jumped through hoops for him once, now he wanted them to jump back again ...
So Henry's 'anglicanism' is a variation of Catholicism, but with the head of state as head of the Church.
Henry died, and his son, Edward, was too young to rule, so the Earl of Northumberland took over. He was a hardline reformer, and went for the Catholics with a will ...
Edward died, and Mary assumed the throne. She had been raised in a county house and never trained for the role she was to assume. Her court rang rings round her, Catholic Parliamentarians wanted revenge against the Aristocratic Protestants and she was obliged to respond. Now began a spate of burnings on a grand scale, and hence her reputation, 'Bloody Mary'. She made disasterous decisions both in her private and public life, was easily outmanoeuvred by her enemies, and was executed.
Elizabeth assumes the throne, and now England is caught up in a nationalist, anti-Catholic frenzy (Mary was going to marry into the Catholic Spanish royal family, and the propaganda machine made this out to be the fall of England). But the people were tired of religious bloodshed ... then the Pope made a fatal mistake: He said that Catholics were not obliged to remain loyal to a bad monarch.
The Protestants seized upon this, and treason replaced heresy as a crime: Anyone who was Catholic was a traitor. In a patriotic fervour, Catholics were burnt in great numbers, more than Protestants under Bloody Mary in fact, but this was treason, not heresy...
(Interesting historical aside. The Church has been condemned for not condemning nor calling on Catholics to defy the Nazis — but the Pope was advised that if he did so, then the Nazis could arrest anyone who was Catholic for treason — looked what happened under Elizabeth I. If the Pope condemned them, more innocents would suffer.)
Historians reckon Elizabeth favoured an 'AngloCatholicism' as her father envisaged, but Parliament and her court was having none of that! She had to tread a very careful line ...
Historians also trace strong Catholic sentiments in the works of William Shakespeare ... another interesting and relatively recent line of study.
The 'Puritans' were a broad church, difficult to classify. The definition of a Puritan was one who "strove for a worship purified from all taint of popery".
There were moderates who were willing to retain government by bishops (although they preferred the title "superintendent"), and were much like the Scottish Presbyterians of today; there were the strict Presbyterians who wished for the Calvinistic form of government and order of worship; and there were the Free Churchmen or Independents who repudiated all coercive power in the Church and wished all men to be free in forming congregations. They — being independent-minded — were at first persecuted by Anglicans and Presbyterians alike, and in 1620 sought religious freedom in the New World ... Twenty years later however, under Oliver Cromwell, they became the predominant party, fought a civil war, and executed the king.
Interestingly, it was Puritans who fled those torchings who settled in America (Plymouth Rock and Massachussetts Bay Colony) who later sponsored the witch trials in Salem.
Indeed. It was the same Puritans who carried out the witch-hunts in England. Matthew Hopkin, 'the Witchfinder General' was paid for every witch he disposed of, and became the richest man in England!
The accusation of witchcraft, it seemed, became a near bulletproof method for people to settle scores with their neighbours.
Thomas