New Physics

Let me lead off the discussion by noting that a lot of you (including those who claim “matter is > 99% empty” are making a fundamental mistake thinking the Kosmos is made of material stuff (particles and mass and such). The Universe consists, as far as hard-core physics goes, on only potentialities, measurements, and consciousness. It get complicated, but let me walk you through it.

In his “Physics and Philosophy”, Werner Heisenberg (he who discovered the uncertainty principle (look it up on wiki) and thus drove Einstein absolutely nuts for the next 30 years) explains first:

"[T]he atoms or elementary particles themselves are not real; they form a world of potentialities or possibilities rather than one of things or facts."

That is, laboratory physics experiments (up to and including the CERN supercollider they are using to search for the Higgs Boson (or god particle—actually named by Higgs because he could not find the “god d__n thing”), do not prove reality. Rather, based on certain potentialities (which are unknowable before gathering lots of data), they measure a potentiality turning into an event (actual occasion or experience in my nomenclature). Further,

"Whether we electrons, light quanta, benzol molecules, or stones, we shall always come up against these two characteristics, the corpuscular and the undular." (Emphasis added.)

The same principle applies to, well, everything (“stone” is here used metaphorically). Yep, ain’t no matter or little particles, only vast numbers of potentialities (one for each possible event every 5 to the -45 seconds—5 followed by 45 zeros times a second and there are 10 to the eightieth particles in the observable universe and the “real universe” at least 10 to the twenty third as big—about 5 to the 168th potentialities each second (5 followed by 168 zeros).

Now add in the fact that (to make Einstein’s Relativity Equations work) only 4% of the “real universe” is even visible, the other 96% made up of Dark energy and Dark Matter (look up on wiki), Which means there are really about 1.2 followed by 170 zeros events per second).

That is a lot of “stuff”, but none of it is matter. Bernard D’espagnat (kinda the Philosopher of Physicists—the equivalent of three PhDs, I think), winner of the 2009 Templeton Prize says in his "Philosophy and Physics":

"The doctrine that the world is made up of objects whose existence is independent of human consciousness turns out to be in conflict with quantum mechanics and with facts established by experiment."

See, it’s not just me or crazy old Werner—all quantum physicists know this.

One last proof. There is a very good current analysis at http://www.vixra.org/pdf/1011.0009v1.pdf (look at it only if you dare) that ends (Generalized Uncertainty Principle; Dwivedi; 2010,;updated 2012):

In objective vision we can learn about a system without interacting with it. It is similar to paint a portrait in a dark room. In this context objective reality seems orthodoxical. We ought to change the definition of reality, rather than fitting a theory with element of reality previously defined. Heisenberg called his quantum theory non-objective. In quantum domain measurement occurs via interaction with the system. The fundamental entity of interaction is a signal, which is quantized. A reality comes out to be what we observe, not what exists. In this connection, observation with observer itself is not separate from the system being observed. An observation depends upon the frame of experiment (explicitly on observer), not system's state of being. Epistemology changes. The fundamental physical entities are actions, operations and processes, not state of being. Instead of claiming incompleteness of the wavefunction, we emphasize that state can not be constructed out of it. Wavefunction is a catalogue of knowledge (probability) not objective reality.

The wavefunction (that which quantum physics is about) is not reality, but a “probability” for “measurement” via “interaction” with our “consciousness”.
 
Okay… the last post serves as kind of an introduction to this one. Herein I will focus on quantum physics, especially the so-called Interpretations. First, I will give a brief introduction (with references you can look up) to the history of quantum. Then I will kinda summarize (the last post will be referenced a lot). Third, I will lay out the Interpretations and what they mean and how they differ. Finally, I will present the radar’s-eye view.

Quantum physics studies the very small—what are called particles and waves and fields and quarks and leptons. Wikipedia (see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Introduction_to_quantum_mechanics) has a pretty good introduction. “Quantum physics”, “quantum theory”, “quantum mechanics” and pretty much any other term with “quantum” in front of it are all synonyms for this study of the very small.

What it studies really are (per the last post) mathematical models of what we can know—consisting of potentialities (what could happen, see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_probability), measurements (experiments or observations, see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_measurement), and events (the results of those observation or experiments, see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Measurement_problem). None of these are material things or “really” particles or “waves of something”, they are just mathematical descriptions which exist in our minds (okay, and the ideas about those descriptions).

Make no mistake, it is the most verified, most useful physics application ever developed ( see “Quantum theory can be collectively verified”, Mitra, 2009 –all of Mitra’s work at or through Los Alamos is really quite good, the best academic introduction going, except for Bohm’s classic text and Goswami’s recent “Quantum Mechanics”, the two most widely used and cited texts). Quantum physics is the product of hundreds of really smart people working from 1900 (when Max Planck first put the notion of “quanta of action” to paper) until now.

By 1921 Niels Bohr had pretty much single-handedly developed “the old quantum theory”. Under his tutelage (mostly) a series of bright young European physicists (Schrodinger, de Broglie, Dirac, Born, von Neumann, Pauli, and Heisenberg—he whose Uncertainty Principle and its extension Entanglement drove Einstein to abandon quantum theory as “spooky”, see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EPR_paradox and http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bohr-Einstein_debates) developed “Quantum Mechanics” by 1927. The last classic breakthrough was “Quantum Electrodynamics” or QED (which I hold to be the fully mature theory, except for tweaks see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_electrodynamics) developed by 1950 by Dirac, Bethe, Tomonaga, Schwinger, Feynman, and Dyson.

The mathematics (except under extreme conditions) of quantum physics has changed little sense then. QED is pretty much what was described in the last post as “reality, but a probability for measurement via interaction with our consciousness”. This notion bothered many great physicists, not just Einstein. It led to the metaphysicalization of quantum physics, that is a non-physics based discussion—the introduction of interpretations (see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interpretations_of_quantum_mechanics).

David Bohm, a strict materialist (probably because he was a Marxist) developed the Hidden Variable Interpretation (see http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/qm-bohm/) in the early 1950s and Hugh Everett the “many worlds interpretation” or MWI in the late 1950s (http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/qm-manyworlds/). The final interpretation presented here is the Copenhagen Interpretation (including the related but-not-quite-the-same-as “Modal”, “Wheeler”, “von Neumann-Wigner,” “consistent histories”, and “objective collapse” interpretations), that originally developed by Bohr and championed today by Hank Stapp (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Stapp) a mentor of mine.

For simplicity’s sake (1) I am lumping “many-minds”, “many-universes”, and “branching space time” interpretations as variations on MWI, “time-symmetric”, “informational”, “stochastic”, “relational”, and “ensemble” interpretations as variations of Bohm’s; and (2) skipping over a lot of the minority or fringe interpretations (not saying that they could not be valid, they just clutter up things. So I will kind introduce the three classic interpretations: Copenhagen, Hidden Variable, and Many Worlds.

Copenhagen Interpretation says “quantum mechanics does not yield a description of an objective reality but deals only with probabilities of observing, or measuring, various aspects of energy quanta, entities which fit neither the classical idea of particles nor the classical idea of waves” (from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copenhagen_interpretation). Kinda what I said last post. And, yep, it is readily falsifiable, it’s just no one has figured out how to do it.

The hidden variables interpretation says “in addition to a wave function on the space of all possible configurations, it also includes an actual configuration, even in situations where nobody observes it” (from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bohm_interpretation and http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidden_variable_theory). It is the Einsteinian claim that physical, material reality exists. The problem is that Bell’s Theorem predicts that hidden variable theories either do not exist or are non-local (the latter was Einstein’s horse in the race (see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell%27s_theorem) and its proof (at least as far as non-locality goes see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_test_experiments). So that leaves non-Einsteinian hidden variable theories (like Bohm’s) a candidate (unscientific, however, since it cannot be falsified).

The MWI asserts the waveform is real but denies the actuality of “the collapse of the wave function”, implying that all possible alternative histories alternatives and futures are real, each representing an actual "world" (or "universe") (see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Many-worlds_interpretation). Since none of these possible worlds or universes can communicate with one another after the event that causes the split, it is logically true, but unscientific in that it cannot be falsified.

So we have three alternative metaphysical interpretations of the quantum physics. The Copenhagen Interpretation says “that’s it, the math and events are all there is”. The hidden variable interpretation, once we have added Bell’s Theorem and the Aspect experiment, (actually the Bohm interpretation) is dominated by a “quantum potential” (see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_potential) which is (roughly) the quantum force effects of all the rest of the universe on the potentiality being looked at. All the other quantum things in the universe in effect point back to every other thing in the universe and have some (very small but non-zero) effect. This is what Bohn meant by a holographic or holistic universe. Finally the MWI, which like some Catholic arguments against Newton postulates a bunch of unknown and unknowable things that cause other things, backwards and forwards in time. In Newton’s case they were invisible cables attached to the planets each being pulled by invisible angels. In MWI it is “splitting” the universe (about 1,200 followed by 168 more zeros) times a second.

Now for my summary: all three are possibly true. MWI offends my sense of simplicity and Occam’s razor ( see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occam's_razor), the Bohmian Interpretation is beautiful but ultimately improvable, so I reject it as my solution of choice. That leaves me with what I frankly admit is the least offensive of a set of offensive (to the heart of a scientist) solutions—I believe that the Copenhagen Interpretation is the correct one.
 
Mark,

Great stuff, I wish I could add to it. Please get into the 'how' all of this aligns with spirituality/metaphysics and the like. I'd very interested in hearing about that from a Quantum mechanics view.

I'm aware of the fact that the body renews itself after so long, that each cell is replaced by a new one eventually and that this 'rebirth' can also entail how the cells function (like a meme), so that it is possible to re-create a new, positive-based and better You over time.
 
Well, after my next post (on relativity) I will be doing that. Meanwhile get "Quantum Questions" by Ken Wilber. By far most objective and truthful "new age" text on quantum (looks at the spiritual beliefs of Geisenberg and all).
 
QUESTION regarding the length/Time-span of the Cosmic Year of Pluto's orbit versus Earth's yearly orbit:

Is the Solar Year on earth the same as the Solar Year on a Planet on the outer Orbiting Ring of our solar system?

Is a 100 year life span on earth ---equal to a 100 year life span on say, Pluto? If Pluto theorectically was inhabitable.
 
Depends on how one defines "year". We terra-centric earthlings define it as the time period it takes the earth to complete one orbit around Sol. A Plutonian would (probably) define it as the time period it takes pluto to complete one orbit about Sol. Since their orbit takes (about) 250 times as long (that is the esrth completes 250 orbits during one orbital cycle of pluto), for them a year would be a little longer.

Logically, we can relate the length of the year in both senses so we can convert from earthyears to plutoyears. 100 earthyears on Pluto would be the same amount of measured time as 100 yearhyears here. 100 plutoyears there (on Pluto) would be 100 plutoyears here (and be as long, in measured time, as 25,000 earth years).
 
100 plutoyears = 25,000 earth years.
I conceed to the above simple premise.

Interesting since, in the Vedas, the celestial planetary systems are said to be on a different time-scale than our terrestial level below the north star's latitude.

Upthere, time passes slower in comparisaon to ours.

IMO, Its akin in modal operation with the idea of 'dog years'.

:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
Okay here's one:

Is the width of a shadow from Sunlight,
equal to,
the width of a shadow from Moonlight?

In a controlled experiment ---with a given solid mass is measured at the above two times of day, day and moon lit night.

The closer the flashlight is positioned to, say, a vertical pipe ---the wider the casted shadow that is formed.

The further away from the pole the more the shadow of the pole is slimmer and reduced too by refraction of the light beams.

:::::::::::::::::::::::
 
Bingo! It depends, not on distance, though, but on the size of the source (the size of a source gets smaller as it gets further away). I think the moon is actually smaller in visual or optical terms, so the shadow by the sun is larger.
 
Is it true that all "Inventions" are actually 'innovation(s)' or 'major improvements' upon an already existing series of knowledge?

Did Thomas Edison or Marconi etc really have an original idea; or did they simply find the final link in the chain ---to market [hence, Patent the ownership rights to $profits therefrom] a polished commodity?

Did Bill Gates & Steve Jobs invent the PC or did they simply package and market a taylor-made commodity?

Even the "Wheel" is a modification of a bakers 'rolling-pin'.

Did someone invent Iron? Steel? Blacksmithing? Or is all modern technology just a gradual progression in a tool shop.

It's like asking, If a cave man had a fully equiped tool shop ---how long would it take until he created a machine . . . or say, a bicycle?
 
Well, with RARE exceptions you are correct. The five that blow me away are: firesticks (how to tender your own), the wheel, the printing press (Chinese style), the maser of Townes, and the inventions of Tesla (if he did sit down and just draw out his design for an ac generator in the patent office, among a few other remarkable things).

Edison, Marconi, Gates and Jobs were inspiered by "hard core science" (along with so many others). it is the idea and application (turning theory into something manufacturable with an application) that are pateneted (that's why Gould got the laser patent away from Townes and Bell Labs).
 
Okay, a little lesson in "scientific methodology" (look it up on wiki if you forgot what this is). We make models (some mental representation of what we think is physical reality) trying to understand the universe around us. It was very important to our ancestors. For instance, since we were among the slowest and weakest of predators, it was important to model how to kill Bison by driving them over a jump or sneaking up pn them once we developed a lance.

All a scientific theory or hypothesis is is a model. A guess about what reality (whatever that means) is like. For a lot of reasons, no theory can ever be definatively proved (see "scientific evidence" at wiki), but it must be able to be tested (see testibility) and to be falsified (see falsifiability).

Anyhthing that is not falsifiable or testible may be a lot of things, but it cannot be scientific or empirical or logical (and I would argue, true). With this definition, one never gets to an absolute answer, just closer and closer to one.

One of the problems with an ideologically-based belief (for instance, that all behavior for people can be modelled as economic or that bats are a kind of bird or that Hanger 18 at Wright-Patterson AFB (hint, there ain't one) has the Roswell ETs in cold storage) is that they can influence us to behave in really barbaric or self-defeating ways.

Take Timothy McVeigh's belief in a government conspiracy leading to killing 76 in cold blood as a protest. Or the 9-11 hijackers' beliefs in a Salafist (literal interpreters of the Holy Quran in the manner of the ancestors) jihad led to nearly 3,000 deaths that day. Or the Sabbatean belief in Sabbatai Tzevi as Messiah led to their starving or being killed while awaiting on rooftops for giant eagles to whisk them off to Jerusalem.

Yes, models are needed. Yes, some sense-of-life (a kind of soft ideology) is needed. Just be careful you do not take it too far.

And of course, with this attitude, if the Messiah comes back and wants us to climb to the top of the roof, I will be left behind. I'll chance that.
 
i, too, think the Copenhagen Interpretation is the most correct of the working models that we have now. since it is actually falsifiable it's perhaps the case that we'll find something more accurate.

i love science :)

metta,

~v
 
Thanks. It just makes better sense (applying Ockham's Razor) than the multiverse interpretation. Besides, I have real problems with the neo-Einsteinian predeterminism of most of those who take the multiverve view.

At this level (meta-physics) it is all about what you think in a larger context (larger than "Proof"). Both the Copenhagen and Bohmian interpretations are falsifiable (we do not have the power yet, and may never have). Multiverse and String Theory... I dunno, but am relatively certain they are not falsifiable.

It is just too easy to add dimensions to refute any test.
 
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