Yes, to all of this… what then is the distinction between “symbol” as I and you use it and “metaphor”?
I think, for the same of simplicity, I would leave metaphor as — a linguistic device, the transference of meaning from one thing to another. It can be commonplace, or it can be a koan (I think Lewis had a koan-like moment in the dialogue I mentioned above).
So the parables are extended metaphors, Luke arranges his materials utilising the journey motif, a not uncommon literary device in his day, as one huge metaphor — half his Gospel is set on the road to Jerusalem. Matthew arranges his according to the chiasmus (chiasmus from the Greek: χιάζω, chiázō, "to shape like the letter Χ") in which the text is arranged in an over-arching pattern A,B,C ... C,B,A, in a series of concentric narratives. Chiasmus had a rich Hebraic heritage, in the Old Testament as well as the New. John's is two books, the Book of Signs, leading up to the Passion, and the Book of Glory, the Passion and subsequent events.
But in all these cases two things should be considered: The first is that the actual metaphor being thus created
is itself significant, but largely esoteric to an audience unaware of chiasmus in Matthew, say, or what 'journey' Luke is actually writing about. Most concentrate purely on the immediate, obvious and exoteric meaning of the individual metaphors themselves.
The second is that although the whole can be read as a metaphor, that does not mean the elements of the narrative are themselves metaphors.
Again and again, regarding both metaphor and symbol, what is missed about Christianity is, because Christianity is the Revelation of the Word made flesh, the spiritual is rendered concrete in physical actuality, and not merely cognitive concepts. The spiritual is made concrete, and indeed so much so in the Tradition that it presents Itself
as Itself in real, material form (its sensible elements).
The Word is not presented metaphorically (this is what the Kingdom is like) but symbolically (the Kingdom is amongst you. I am it).
If we Christians realised that crucial distinction, we would all be saints!
Take Christ's discourse with the Samaritan women (John 4). This is a prophecy: "Whosoever drinketh of this water (of the well), shall thirst again; but he that shall drink of the water that I will give him, shall not thirst for ever" (v13). It's a metaphor, Christ likens Himself to Jacob's well, but the meaning of the 'water' is transposed from mere physical to spiritual refreshment. But in the text itself we read a metaphor, not a miracle. The idea of 'one bread, one body' in Paul, or the 'marriage of Christ and His Church' are metaphors, although their final referent, the Mystical Body, or Divine Union, is very much a reality.
But take the miracle of the Man Born Blind in John 9. Christ offers a metaphorical discourse on the nature of sin and salvation. From here He could have gone on to prophecy that He will bring sight to the blind, as he did water to the thirsty in the case of the Samaritan Woman. But He didn't. He did an extraordinary thing. He healed the Man Born Blind.
No, they say, this is part of the total metaphor. But why? How can you make that determination when metaphors are presented
and we are told they are metaphors, and yet here we are being told
something concrete happened, the data is being presented as a testimony of an event, and not as a metaphor at all. We have the reaction of the man himself, his family, his neighbours (perplexed, mostly), the authorities (pissed off, generally) ... this is not the way of metaphor at all, and the scribe, who clearly knows the difference and is expert in his task, is making no bones about the fact, this is not a metaphorical event, this actually happened.
Now, to symbol.
The Samaritan Woman is thirsty for physical sustenance now, but the day will come when she will never thirst for spiritual sustenance again. But the Man Born Blind regains his sight now, and not his faith, his spiritual sight, but his actual ability to see his hand in front of his face.
If the teaching is true (the Beatitudes) and these are metaphorical events, then they simply repeat them (in, it must be said, a more obscure way than in the teaching given on the Mount, which would seem to defeat the object and be somewhat pointless).
But if they are true, if they are miracles, are they just gratuitous displays of power to reinforce His authority in delivering the teaching? Something to stun the masses into belief? A shadow re-enactment here and now of what is to come? I don't think so. Miracles are signs, but the sign points to the worker of the miracle.
This is something, again, absolutely crucial.
In all the noisy argument about whether or not Christ ever actually claimed to be God, what is overlooked was that His audience at the time were in no doubt about the matter. He was speaking blasphemy, and they tried to stone Him for it, on more than one occasion.
He healed the sick, gave sight to the blind, forgave sin, revised the Covenant with Israel. Issued a new one. He did the things that only God can do. Yet He did this
in His own Name I mean, good grief, He says it straight out: "Believe in me" He says,
over and over again. The Hebrew Scriptures, one could say, are one long account of God bemoaning the fact that the people do not believe in Him. Then along comes this guy who revises the deal, and says believe in me! 'Hey, bigshot,' comes a Voice from Above, 'there's a queue here!'
Let's step across the the Woman Taken in Adultery.
The Pharisees know Christ is a 'people person', so they haul up this adultress who, according to the Law, should be stoned. This bit (v6-11) is really, really clever:
"And this they said tempting him, that they might accuse him. But Jesus bowing himself down, wrote with his finger on the ground."
What? I'll get back to that.
"... he lifted up himself, and said to them: He that is without sin among you, let him first cast a stone at her. And again stooping down, he wrote on the ground."
What's with all the doodling?
"But they hearing this, went out one by one, beginning at the eldest."
I get it. 'Judge not lest ye be judged'. The eldest obviously having the most time to rack up the most sin. Or does He mean Adam?
"And Jesus alone remained, and the woman standing in the midst. Then Jesus lifting up himself, said to her: Woman, where are they that accused thee? Hath no man condemned thee? Who said: No man, Lord. And Jesus said: Neither will I condemn thee. Go, and now sin no more."
Whoa, fellah! It matters not a tinker's cuss what your opinion is on the matter, the Law is the Law. She's been a very naughty girl, and if you don't condemn her according to the Law, you're a very naughty Jew.
(Hey, have you heard that really naughty joke? 'Let he who is without sin cast the first stone', He says, and from out of the crowd steps his mother, who lands a rock the size of your fist right between here eyes!)
Ahem ...
Note that Jesus avoids a confrontation with the Law, then acts, it would appear, outside it.
Let's look at the symbolism.
Jesus stoops and writes in the dust. with the Man Born Blind, He makes paste with dirt and spittle. The Biblical allusion is obvious. Man is made of the slime of the earth (Genesis 2). Christ is remaking the person. He does not condemn the woman,
because He has already forgiven her. That's what the writing was. It's a metaphor, but it's actually happening, right here, right now, I'm taking away the sin of the world (Is not adultery said to be the oldest sin of all?). He's reconstituting the Law, not only in spiritual terms, but He's writing His Law in the very stuff of the world. Look, He's doing it again. The Cosmos is a theophany gone cock-eyed. He's putting that right. It's a Sacramental Act. A Liturgy of the World. And a sacrament is the archetype of the symbol. Symbols are unique in the fact that they are sacraments — they enact in and through themselves what they symbolise.
Here's the crunch. Back to the Word made flesh. Think of that. The rending of the veil of the temple. It all speaks about the union of the spiritual and the material. Not Plato and his cave shadows, but one holistic thing. Creation.
If the miracles are just metaphors, then nothing has changed. As Paul said, if you don't believe in the Resurrection, what's the point of being a Christian? Christ is dead, and one day you will be, too.
But the Word was made flesh, and John uses 'sarx' (the actually gooey stuff, blood and bones and all) and not 'soma' (the more abstract sense of body, such as a body of ideas).
In Christianity
it's all the other way round. The events recorded are not 'narrative devices' that enable the mind to contemplate higher things, they are higher things become flesh which are
then explained by metaphor.
The Word become flesh is the meeting of the sublime and the mundane in the mundane. It all happened.
Symbol again:
Augustine famously said 'Sacraments are the visible signs of an invisible Grace' — but in a symbol, unlike the sign, its referrant is not found outside of itself, but within itself, and although Augustine used sign and not symbol, his homilies on the Eucharist point to the fact that Grace is in the Sacrament Itself.
A Sacrament is not a cognitive sign of the transmission of grace, the act is not a representation (if understood as something standing for something else) of the transmission of grace, it is the re-presentation (the Grace is present in the Sacrament), under the elements of its material form. The two are inseparable. Grace does not infuse the matter of the Sacrament, it takes it to Itself, is is ontologically its very dna.
In a metaphor, Grace is alluded to you, if you can read it;
In a sign, Grace is pointed out to you, if you can follow it;
In a symbol, Grace is revealed to you, if you can fathom it;
In a Sacrament, Grace is transmitted to you,
whether you know it or not.
Damn! I wish I'd thought of that at the start.
God bless,
Thomas
(A very naughty boy)