Let's go to the 15th century for the Avatara of this epoch!
Shree Krishna Chaitanya Maha-prabhu (18 February 1486 – 14 June 1534),
was a
Bengali Hindumystic,
saint, and the chief proponent of the
Achintya Bheda Abheda and
Gaudiya Vaishnavism tradition within
Hinduism. He also expounded the
Vaishnava school of
Bhakti yoga (meaning loving devotion to God), based on
Bhagavata Purana and
Bhagavad Gita.
.
Chaitanya (Bengali: চৈতন্য) means '"consciousness"; Maha means "Great" and Prabhu means "Lord" or "Master".
Caitanya Mahaprabhu is Krishna in the mood of a devotee.
Caitanya Mahaprabhu popularised the chanting of the chanting of the '
Hare Krishna' (the maha-mantra) and composed the
Siksastakam (eight devotional prayers) in
Sanskrit. His followers,
Gaudiya Vaishnavas, revere him as a Krishna with the mood and complexion of his source of inspiration Radha.
Chaitanya journeyed throughout the length and breadth of
India for several years, chanting the divine Names of Krishna constantly '
Hare Krishna, Hare Krishna, Krishna Krishna, Hare Hare // Hare Rama, Hare Rama, Rama Rama, Hare Hare' (the maha-mantra).
He spent the last 24 years of his life in
Puri, Odisha,
[13] the great temple city of
Jagannath in the
Radhakanta Math. The
Gajapati king,
Prataprudra Dev, regarded Chaitanya as Krishna's avatar and was an enthusiastic patron and devotee of Chaitanya's
sankeertan gatherings.
[14] It was during these years that Chaitanya is believed by his followers to have sunk deep into various Divine-Love (
samādhi) and performed pastimes of
divine ecstasy (
bhakti).
Vrindavan, the land of Radha Rani, the “City of Temples” has more than 5000 temples to showcase the pastimes of Radha and Krishna, including temples as old as 5500 years.[
citation needed] The essence of Vrindavan was lost over time until the 16th century, when it was rediscovered by Chaitanya. In the year 1515, Chaitanya visited Vrindavana, with the purpose of locating the lost holy places associated with Lord Sri Krishna's transcendent pastimes. He wandered through the different sacred forests of Vrindavana in a spiritual trance of divine love. It was believed that by His divine spiritual power, he was able to locate all the important places of Krishna's pastimes in and around Vrindavan including the seven main temples or sapta devalay, which are worshiped by Vaishnavas in the Chaitanya tradition to this day.
There are numerous biographies available from the time giving details of Chaitanya's life, the most prominent ones being the
Chaitanya Charitamrita of
Krishnadasa Kaviraja, the earlier
Chaitanya Bhagavata of
Vrindavana Dasa[27] (both originally written in
Bengali but now widely available in English and other languages), and the
Chaitanya Mangala, written by "Lochana Dasa".
According to the hagiographies of 16th-century authors, he exhibited his
Universal Form identical to that of
Krishna on a number of occasions, Gaudiya Vaishnavas consider Chaitanya to be Lord Krishna himself, but appearing in covered form (channa avatar).
Chaitanya has left one written record in Sanskrit called
Siksastakam (though, in
Vaishnava Padavali it is said: "Chaitanya himself wrote many songs on the Radha-Krishna theme").
Chaitanya's epistemological, theological and ontological teachings are summarized as ten root principles called (dasa mula).
[33]
- The statements of amnaya (scripture) are the chief proof. By these statements the following nine topics are taught.
- Krishna is the Supreme Absolute Truth.
- Krishna is endowed with all energies.
- Krishna is the source of all rasa- flavor, quality, or spiritual rapture/emotions.[34]
- The jivas (individual souls) are all separated parts of the Lord.
- In bound state the jivas are under the influence of matter, due to their tatastha nature.
- In the liberated state the jivas are free from the influence of matter.
- The jivas and the material world are both different from and identical to the Lord.
- Pure devotion is the only way to attain liberation.
- Pure love of Krishna is the ultimate goal.
Chaitanya is not known to have written anything himself except for a series of verses known as the
Siksastaka, or "eight verses of instruction",
[35] which he had spoken, and were recorded by one of his close colleagues. The eight verses created by Chaitanya are considered to contain the complete philosophy of Gaudiya Vaishnavism in condensed form.
In the early 17th century Kalachand Vidyalankar, a disciple of Chaitanya, made his preachings popular in Bengal. He traveled throughout India popularizing the gospel of anti-untouchability, social justice and mass education. He probably initiated 'Pankti Bhojon' and Krishna sankirtan in eastern part of Bengal. Several schools (sampradaya) have been practicing it for hundreds of years. Geetashree Chabi Bandyopadhyay and Radharani Devi are among many who achieved fame by singing kirtan. The Dalits in Bengal at that time neglected and underprivileged cast readily accepted his libertarian outlook and embraced the doctrine of Mahaprabhu. His disciples were known as Kalachandi Sampraday who inspired the people to eradicate illiteracy and casteism. Many consider Kalachand as the Father of Rationalism in East Bengal (Purba Banga).
From the very beginning of Chaitanya's
bhakti movement in Bengal, Muslims and
Hindus by birth, were participants.
In the 20th century the teachings of Chaitanya were brought to the West by
A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada (1896-1977), a representative of the Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati branch of Chaitanya's tradition. Prabhupada founded his movement known as
The International Society for Krishna Consciousness (ISKCON) to spread Chaitanya's teachings throughout the world.
Chaitanya's influence on the cultural legacy in
Bengal and
Odisha has been significant,[
citation needed] with many residents performing daily worship to him as an avatar of Krishna. Some attribute to him a Renaissance in Bengal,
[43] different from the more well known 19th-century
Bengal Renaissance. Salimullah Khan (b. 1958), a noted Bangladeshi linguist, maintains, "Sixteenth century is the time of Chaitanya Dev, and it is the beginning of Modernism in Bengal. The concept of 'humanity' that came into fruition is contemporaneous with that of Europe".
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaitanya_Mahaprabhu