Jeannot said:In the 17th century, the Thirty Years War between Catholics and Protestants wiped out half to 2/3 the population of central Europe. Partly as a result of this carnage, Europe experienced the Enlightenment (also owing to the Scientific Revolution). As a result, toleration became a primary value. Maybe Islam needs an Enlightenment?? I'm thinking primarily of the Sunni-Shi'ite antagonism.
Islam did not have a dark age in order to need an "enlightenment." And the "Enlightenment" came to Europe and Christendom from Islam, as did the scientific method which launched the scientific revolution.
Actually, and this is usually disregarded, one can say that the Islamic civilization flourished because of Islam, while European civilization flourished despite of Christianity. The specific experience with religious backwardness, superstition, prosecution, witch hunts, religious wars, and the corruption of the Church is strictly Christian and European. Muslims did not experience the same drawbacks of religion. Muslims do not have an issue with the separation of church and state because they do not have a church and they never had a history of conflict with religious authorities. Rather, they usually had a problem with the state itself. Today, they have major problems with their colonially imposed, corrupt and dysfunctional states, and the foreign powers that impose and/or support the tyrannical rulers, hence the political nature of their mobilization. I presume from the Muslims point of view, the church was much more reliable than the state.