Know thyself
The Christian act of gnosis derives from the Semitic act of gnosis (
daath,
yada 'to know'), the experience of God as Lord (
Kurios) and so comes to us as obligation, according to our dignity as His creature.
The knowledge of God's goodness imposes on us the obligation to act in like manner towards creation. This is inherent in Hebrew Scripture, and was voiced by Christ as the two fundamental commandments of God, 'Love God, and love they neighbour‚ founded on the unspoken revelation, 'as God loves you'.
Christian gnosis is not a body a knowledge, but an embodied faith which brings forth fruit from its deeds. It is a knowledge that, when embodied, produces a likeness in the creature and makes us like what we know; it deifies us by making us deiform.
The Greek concept reverses this process, making likeness a necessary condition of knowledge, and knowledge a necessary condition of right action. True gnosis allows the perpetual
dhikr of Philo, of St Paul and of Ibn 'Arabi. Christian gnosis is a progressive knowledge by
epectasy, the going to meet God who is ever coming to meet us, a pilgrimage on the endless road, the
via eterna.
The knowledge of God is a continuous creation, that renders us new in every moment, by the indwelling of the Holy Spirit, by the breath of God that turns us from physical to spiritual beings — a new creation (cf 2 Corinthians 5:17, Galatians 6:15).
It is not a platonic nor gnostic escape from the condition of time and place and createdness. The heart of the mind, the
apex mentis, knows that the future becomes present in the very instant of the present, which in that same instant is annihilated into past; that the zero-time of the eternal and eternally moving moment between future and past can be found God, giving himself continuously, He alone who is and who alone can say 'I am'.
We, who receive our being from Him (cf Acts 17:28), can only say 'I become', but already what we are is history ...
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'We are advancing perpetually towards God only because he advances towards us.' (St Basil).
This knowledge of self, by the circumcision of heart, that leads to the knowledge of God has only a passing affinity with the Delphic maxim
know thyself gnothi sauton, recorded by Xenophon (430-350) in the dialogue of Socrates (469-399) with Euthydemus, the meaning of which was taken as:
'know you are not a god' or
'know your ignorance, that is wisdom', or
'know you are not immortal'.
This maxim was later attributed variously to Solon (c. 600), Thales (c. 585) and Chilon (c. 556), contemporaries of Jeremiah: "all shall know me, for all shall be taught by me when I write the new testament on the heart of their mind" (31.33) and Ezechiel: "I will put a new spirit within them, a new heart not of stone but of flesh" (11.19) and Second Isaiah: "all shall be taught by the Lord" (59.13).
This is the knowledge no longer written by ourselves on the heart of our mind but unveiled and found, through circumcision of that heart, to be written there in spirit by God so that all might, by the coming of the Spirit, as Moses, Joel and Peter proclaim, be prophets and prophetesses: "And it shall come to pass, in the last days, (saith the Lord,) I will pour out of my Spirit upon all flesh: and your sons and your daughters shall prophesy, and your young men shall see visions, and your old men shall dream dreams" (Acts 2.17). Gnosis is knowledge of God as revealing Himself to us in Scripture written with letters through prophets only because already written in spirit on the prophets' circumcised hearts, where its meaning, unveiled and rediscovered, is not just that we are not a god, but that we are made according to God's image and likeness.
If we have to seek God within ourselves, then the call is that all unlikeness be cut away. The root
pit for prayer in Hebrew, cognate with the Arabic for sharp point or edge, and generally taken as 'to judge oneself' might well refer, not to the pagan rite of 'cutting the flesh', but to the circumcision of heart, the sacrifice of a pure heart, the word of God being a (sacrificial) two-edged knife penetrating between soul and spirit (cf Hebrews 4.12).
Philo of Alexandria (c20BC-50AD) "On Dreams, that they are God-sent" speaks of this process from Biblical reference, discussing with our need, like Abraham, to start from Charran, "Charran then, as it appears to me, is a sort of metropolis of the outward sense" (1:viii). In Charran we pursue physical knowledge; the knowledge of the sensible world, before we can make sense of the mind and the soul. Such a disposition
to become acquainted with yourself Hebrews call Terah (the father of Abraham) and Greeks call Socrates though the latter is only one individual man while the former is taken as 'the whole principle according to which each man should know himself. In Charran we only reconnoitre the place that wisdom inhabits, quite other are those athletes who, like Abraham, quit Charran ... who practise in their migration the exercise of wisdom and on their journey 'attain to progress in complete knowledge... for the more he knew himself the more he renounced himself to attain accurate knowledge of the true living God'." (1:x)
In "The Life of Moses" Gregory of Nyssa (333-395?) founded a theology of epectasy (as would Ibn 'Arabi), on abrahamic self-knowledge: Leaving what senses perceive and what the intellect sees he enters into the invisible and unknowable (
apex mentis) and there sees God... by seeing that he is invisible... the more mind advances inward the more it sees that the divine nature is invisible... the darkness in which Moses sees God is true gnosis, that the gnosis of God transcends all gnosis... what mind attains is never the living and life-giving God, for the mind God is ever beyond, ever inaccessible, to epignosis. (Christ called His disciples by saying 'follow me' and tells the Christian that he too must take up his cross and 'follow me' (a phrase used in all four Gospels).
St Ambrose (340-397)
To know oneself is to recognise the divine image and likeness in oneself (e.g. Sermo 2.13-14 on ps 118 PL 15.1214; Lib de Isaac 4.11-16 PL 14.509)
Evagrius of Pontus (345-399)
Do you wish to know God? Learn first to know yourself (cited in 1954 Early Fathers from the Philokalia p. 109 from a Russian collection of his miscellaneous sayings).
Augustine (354-430)
For mind (apex mentis) to find itself mind must cut off all that mind has added to itself for it is not only more interior than objects outside itself but more interior than its images of objects...the instant that mind understands what it means when it tells itself to know itself it knows itself because it is present to itself (De Trin 10.8-9). O God ever the same let me know myself, let me know you: 'noverim me noverim te' (Soliloques).
In Chapter 10 of The Confessions he returns to this again and again:
What I know of myself I know through your light shining in me (Quod de me scio, te mihi lucente scio (5)7);
Into my mind shines that which space cannot contain and what is tasted there cannot be diminished by eating (6)8;
Your God is to you the life of your life (6)10;
By my mind itself I ascend to God (6)11;
I mount toward you ever above me (17)26;
My body lives by my soul, my soul lives by you (21)29;
You are not mind itself because you are the Lord God of the mind (25)36;
Where did I find you that I might learn you but in you above me (26)37.
S. Nilus (360-430)
When you know yourself you are able to know God (Ep 3.314).
Isaac the Syrian of Nineveh (5007-595)
Two knowledges are received from without: the natural (what the senses perceive) and the spiritual (concerned with what the spirit receives) but the third knowledge is manifest in mind's inmost depths, for the kingdom is within; its coming cannot be observed for the kingdom comes without observation: it reveals itself by itself without thoughts, further in than any image imprinted on the hidden mind (cited in Early Fathers from the Philokalia pl96).
Pope Gregory I (540-604)
The mind... rising to knowledge of itself... prepares a path to contemplate the substance of eternity and extends itself to itself by climbing which it enters into itself and from itself tends (in epectasy) to its maker (Morals 5.61-62).
John-Paul II
Faith and reason are like two wings on which the human spirit rises to the contemplation of truth. (Fides et Ratio).
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From an essay by Dom Sylvester Houédard (1924-1992)
God bless,
Thomas